1) The Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 divided Africa among European powers and set the stage for the colonization of the continent.

2) The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity.

3) The term "bull market" refers to a period of rising stock prices, while a "bear market" refers to a period of falling stock prices.

4) The Black Lives Matter movement, which gained prominence in 2013, advocates for racial justice and equality, addressing systemic racism and police violence against Black individuals.